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Gilbert and Sullivan were British collaborators of comic opera in the Victorian era. Their works are influenced by operatic and folk theatre traditions. William Schwenck Gilbert (1836 – 1911) wrote the libretti and was known as a “dramatic iconoclast” for setting stock characters in “topsy-turvy” situations. The Victorian language, wit and humour forms the nonsensical rhymes of his libretti. Arthur Seymour Sullivan (1842 – 1900) composed the music and is viewed as a typical British minimalist who writes simple forms and harmonies. He draws upon folk songs, sea-shanties, the music of predecessors (Handel, Arne) as well as composers of grand opera.

The Fourteen Gilbert and Sullivan Operas

  • Thespis
  • Trial by Jury
  • The Sorcerer
  • H.M.S. Pinafore
  • Pirates of Penzance
  • Patience
  • Iolanthe
  • Princess Ida
  • The Mikado
  • Ruddigore
  • Yeomen of the Guard
  • The Gondoliers
  • Utopia, Limited
  • Grand Duke

G&S Fun Facts

  • Sullivan always composed the Overture last and there are stories of him handing wet pages of the music manuscript to players for the first rehearsal.
  • Generally there was a repetition of an already familiar song for the finales to send the audience out with a memorable tune. This annoyed Gilbert because other than several catch phrases (mainly “What, never?”) the audience seemed to remember Sullivan’s tunes more than Gilbert’s words.
  • Both the Mikado and H.M.S. Pinafore have been parodied in an episode of The Simpsons.
  • Patience was a parody of Oscar Wilde and the aesthetic movement.
  • G&S operas have been made into Hollywood films. For example, Kevin Cline starred in Pirates of Penzance.